Новое исследование о сухом голодании

[Reasonable]

Вышла новая статья где исследовались 10 здоровых добровольцев 5 дней сухого голода. http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/357718

Anthropometric, Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Renal Responses during 5 Days of Food and Water Deprivation, декабрь 2013

Кто читает en, там оч интересные факты, указывающие на преимущество сухого голода в сравнении с [большим -?] употреблением воды. Например, говорят что почки после СГ работают лучше -- в контраст к широко бытующему мнению наоборот. Предлагаю обсудить

[alnic_]

Ну... это ощущается, что сухой голод круче))). Например, восстановление происходит гораздо медленнее после него. (по крайней мере, у меня было так)

[Вадим Асадулин]

Это исследование депонировано в PubMed, основном ресурсе Доказательной Медицины:
Forsch Komplementmed. 2013;20(6):427-33. doi: 10.1159/000357718. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
Anthropometric, Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Renal Responses during 5 Days of Food and Water Deprivation.
Papagiannopoulos IA, Sideris VI, Boschmann M, Koutsoni OS, Dotsika EN.
Author information
Abstract
Background: Although there is considerable research in the field of fasting and fluid restriction, little is known about the impact of food and water deprivation (FWD) on body circumferences and vital parameters. Methods: During 5 days of FWD in 10 healthy adults, hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal parameters, such as weight, 5 circumferences at neck, waist, hip, chest at axilla, chest at nipples, and 1 new oblique hip circumference were measured daily. For each circumference, new quotients of daily circumference-to-weight decrease were calculated. The set of employed parameters quantified and monitored dieting persons' compliance and efficacy of the method. Results: The values of blood pressure, heart rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, glucose, K(+), Na(+), Cl(-), urea, creatinine, and serum osmolality proved to be stable. The mean creatinine clearance increased up to 167%. The mean daily weight decrease (1,390 ± 60 g) demonstrated the effectiveness of FWD in weight reduction. The daily decrease of all measured circumferences and the values of the corresponding circumference-to-weight decrease quotients reflected considerable volume decrease in all measured body parts per day and kg of weight loss during FWD. Conclusion: The intervention of 5 FWD days in 10 healthy adults was found to be safe, decreased weight and all measured circumferences, and improved renal function considerably. © 2014 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?...er+Deprivation
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Есть еще одно НО, показания к такому голоданию должны определяться не диагнозом, а Конституцией! (Типом Телосложения)!
http://golodanie.su/forum/showthread.php?t=4765

[Чужая Пилюля]

Как то всегда думала что много пить водички,это полезно для организма. Хотелось бы опробовать на себе чудо сухое голодание, только не знаю смогу ли. Не будет ли сахары во рту.И вообще, не начнет ли сыпаться с меня.

[Олег1099]

Сообщение от Вадим Асадулин

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НАЧНУ ПО ЧАСТЯМ, В ПОРЯДКЕ ОЧЕРЕДНОСТИ, ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНО ПОКА НЕ ПЕРЕКИНУЛИ В ПЛАТНЫЕ, ПОЗЖЕ ПЕРЕВЕДЕМ ВСЕМ НАРОДОМ-
Juice and water fasting in the form of Buchinger fasting has been studied and therapeutically applied from the beginning of the 20th century to the present [1,2,3]. In the last decade, however, increasing evidence has proved benefits of fluid restriction against polyposia [4,5]. Increased fluid intake was reported to decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [6]. Fluid restriction was found to be beneficial: (a) in surgery, since it reduced complications after partial colectomy [7], (b) in nephrology, since it improved the prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [8,9], and (c) in intensive care medicine, since it improved the treatment of lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [10].

However, little is known about food and water deprivation (FWD), and no systematic study has been published investigating anthropometric, hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal responses during FWD. FWD can either occur due to natural or man-caused disasters (earthquakes, war, etc.) or it can be performed voluntarily for religious reasons. From the 1st century A.D. up to the present, orthodox Christians, particularly monks and nuns, practice FWD for several days in the context of Easter fasting. In the 6th and 7th century A.D., famous Byzantine ascetics reported on the hindering effect of polyposia in their descriptions of the spiritual struggle [11] and recommended FWD as potent measure of corporeal and spiritual clarification [12]. In the 5th century B.C., Hippocrates as physician generally prescribed oligoposia and applied FWD in the treatment of acute maladies and chronic diseases [13]. Recently, many volatile compounds, such as acetone, dichloromethane, and toluene, have been detected in the exhaled air of Athos monks after 63 h of FWD [14].

Numerous studies have documented the correlation between anthropometric parameters and disease risk factors. Neck circumference (NC) increase is associated with increase of the risk factors of sleep apnea [15,16] and insulin resistance [17]. Waist circumference (WC) increase is associated with increase of the risks of death [18,19], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [20,21], diabetes [19], metabolic syndrome [17,21,22], cancer [23], chronic respiratory disease [24,25], sleep apnea [16], and kidney stone formation [26]. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) increase is associated with increase of the risks of metabolic syndrome [22], CVD [20,21], and cancer [23]. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) increase is associated with increase of the risks of mortality [18], CVD [20], and cancer [23].

The objectives of this study were to a) investigate the effects of FWD on safety-related hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal parameters, b) to complement the set of known anthropometric parameters with new ones, and c) to evaluate the changes of new and old anthropometric parameters during FWD.

[Олег1099]

Subjects and Design

In December 2007, 10 apparently healthy individuals (4 men and 6 women of mean age 47.5 years (range 19-66), with mean body mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/m2 (range 19-38), volunteered in this study to be measured and to have their blood and urine tested during 5 days of FWD (table 1). During the 2 days before intervention, the participants had eaten normally and according to their daily habits. In the 3 days following FWD (days 6-8), they gradually returned to a regular nutrition: they drank 3 glasses (250 ml) of juice daily, took some fruit on day 6, a light meal on day 7, and a regular meal on day 8. At any meal during these 3 days, they chewed every bite numerous times (at least 20) and drank juice with a teaspoon and sufficient salivation. The 24-hour day interval was defined from 3.00 p.m. on the previous day to 3.00 p.m. on the current day. At the end of any intervention day (day before intervention to day 5 and day 8 (at 3.00 p.m.), the participants were clinically examined, their body circumferences were measured, and blood and urine tests were performed. During all 10 days of the study, the participants were instructed to sleep sufficiently, go for a walk for 30-60 min daily, and follow their daily activities at a moderate level of intensity. Each participant was informed about the purpose of the daily measurements and signed a written consent prior to the initiation of the clinical and laboratory examinations.
357718?image=000357718_t01.JPG

[Олег1099]

Anthropometric, Hemodynamic, Metabolic, and Renal Measurements

Five circumferences on horizontal and 1 on oblique plane were determined at standing position and at the end of expiration; NC at the level of cricothyroide membrane [17], chest circumference at axilla (CCA) and nipples (CCN) [29], WC immediately under the 12th rib [30], hip circumference (HC) on the gluteal furrow formed between glutei and both thighs [20], and oblique hip circumference (HCO) from the gluteal furrow to the navel (fig. 1). CCA and CCN are not commonly used in epidemiologic studies, although the first reflects the volume of the upper thoracic glove and the second of the lower thoracic glove plus mammary glands. HCO is used here for the first time to evaluate the volume of both hip region and lower abdomen, since none of the known parameters, which can be measured on fixed lines and points of the body, was suitable to evaluate changes in the lower abdomen.
357718?image=000357718_f01.JPG

[Олег1099]

Fig. 1.a Chest circumference at axilla (CCA, 2), chest circumference at nipples (CCN, 3), waist circumference (WC, 4), hip circumference (HC, 5); b hip circumference oblique (HCO, 6).



As no parameters describing the change of the above mentioned circumferences per kg of weight lost have been found in the reviewed literature, new quotients of mean daily decrease of the circumferences for mean daily weight decrease (QNC, QCCA, QCCN, QWC, QHC, QHCO) were introduced. These parameters reflect the volume-to-weight change of the corresponding region. The ratios WHtR and WHR were also calculated [17].

In the context of clinical examination, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured with a classical quicksilver apparatus (Focal no. FC113, Tokyo, Japan). Heart rate (HR) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SatO2) were measured with a pulse oxymeter (Bionics Palmcare, Seoul, Korea).

Serum K+, Na+, and Cl- ion concentrations were determined by ion selective electrodes (EasyLyte analyzer, Medica Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA). Serum urea, creatinine and glucose concentrations, and urine creatinine concentration were measured following standard laboratory methods (ABX Pentra, Horiba, Montpellier, France). Serum osmolality was measured by a cryoscopic osmometer (Osmomat 030 Gonotec, Berlin, Germany). Urine weight for each participant was calculated daily from urine volume and its specific gravity. Each participant noted the approximate weight of stools for all 5 days of FWD, and from these data the approximate mean daily stool discharge was calculated.

Anthropometric data and 24-hour urine volume are presented as additive mean change values per day. For the critical hemodynamic (SBP, DBP, HR, SatO2) and laboratory parameters (serum glucose, serum osmolality, K+, Na+, Cl-, urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance), the mean, maximum, and minimum values are presented, in order to show the degree of safety for each of the participants on a daily basis.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis of data was carried out with the SPSS version 15.0.0 software package (Chicago, IL, USA). 2 nonparametric tests for correlated samples (Friedman and Wilcoxon tests) were used. The Friedman test was applied to all parameters and was used to detect differences from day 0 to day 5 of the intervention.

The parameters, for which cumulative values were used, were calculated as follows: Initially, for every participant the daily change of the relative anthropometric parameter was calculated by subtracting the daily value from the corresponding value of the previous day. Then, the mean daily change was calculated by adding all the daily change values and dividing the outcome by the number of participants. Finally, each mean change value was added to the sum of the predecessor mean values. Data are presented as mean additive change per day.

The minimum, maximum, and mean values for glucose, serum osmolality, K+, Na+, Cl-, urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance, SBP, DBP, HR, and SatO2 are presented for each day. The Friedman test was employed for all values from day 0 to day 5. Differences were considered significant, if the probability (pf) that occurred by chance was < 0.05. Furthermore, the Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the values of day 0 and day 5 and determine pw. For serum glucose, an additional comparison of the values on day 0 and day 3 was made and pw3 was determined. The significance level was regarded positive when pw < 0.05.

[Олег1099]

Results

Clinical Signs

The clinical examination of the participants showed a satisfactory physical condition of the participants during all 5 days of FWD. On day 2 and 3, 7 participants showed signs of fatigue, 2 nausea, 1 headache, and 3 muscle pains. However, these symptoms were easily relieved through rest or warm bath and subsided 24-36 h later. On day 4 and 5, all participants had a controllable feeling of thirst, but none showed any signs of dehydration. Interestingly, all participants described intervals of stamina and euphoria.

Hemodynamic Stability

SBP, DBP, HR, and SatO2 did not change significantly from day 0 to day 5, indicating hemodynamic stability of the participants (fig. 2). Heart auscultation and digital graph on pulse oxymeter showed no arrhythmias or pulse abnormality.357718?image=000357718_f02.JPG

[Олег1099]

Fig. 2.A Systolic blood pressure (SBP), B) diastolic blood pressure (DBP), C heart rate (HR), and D hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SatO2) before, during, and after food and water deprivation (FWD). Data are given as mean, minimum (min), and maximum (max) values.



Metabolic and Electrolyte Changes

We found that serum glucose decreased significantly to the lowest mean value of 3.4 mmol/l (60 mg/dl) on day 3 (pw3 = 0.007) followed by an increase on days 4 and 5, whereas serum osmolality increased gradually during FWD, reaching its maximum mean value of 302 mOsm/l on day 5 (fig. 3). On the other hand, after 3 days of FWD, urea, Na+, and Cl- gradually increased, reaching the highest mean values of 8.2 mmol/l (49 mg/dl), 148 meq/l, and 105 meq/l on day 5. K+ increased slightly and showed the highest mean value 5.29 meq/l on day 2 (fig. 4). K+ level in 1 participant came close to the critical value of 7 meq/l but did not reach it. The participant had no complaints and no heart rhythm abnormalities.
357718?image=000357718_f03.JPG